Título:	Unraveling the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein long-term effect on neuro-PASC
Autor(es):	Bezerra, Filipe Menezes Palmeira, Julys da Fonseca Oliveira, Juliana dos Santos Argañaraz, Gustavo Adolfo Soares, Carlos Roberto Jorge Nóbrega, Otávio de Toledo Ribeiro, Bergmann Morais Argañaraz, Enrique Roberto
ORCID:	https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7830-0447 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2724-369X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1612-2411 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-1789 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1775-7176 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1061-196X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4359-7594
Afiliação do autor:	Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Biotechnology Center University of Brasília, Faculty of Health Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology University of Brasília, Faculty of Health Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology University of Brasília, Faculty of Health Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Biotechnology Center University of Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Baculovirus Laboratory University of Brasília, Faculty of Health Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology
Assunto:	Covid-19 - fisiopatologia SARS-CoV-2 Barreira hematoencefálica
Data de publicação:	17-Dez-2024
Editora:	Frontiers
Referência:	BEZERRA, Filipe Menezes et al. Unraveling the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein long-term effect on neuro-PASC. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, v. 18, art. 1481963, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2024.1481963. Disponível em: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2024.1481963/full. Acesso em: 03 jul. 2025.
Abstract:	The persistence or emergence of long-term symptoms following resolution of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is referred to as long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). PASC predominantly affects the cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, and immune systems. Among these, the central nervous system (CNS) is significantly impacted, leading to a spectrum of symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, brain fog, cognitive impairment, anosmia, hypogeusia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and peripheral neuropathy (neuro-PASC). However, the risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms responsible for neuro-PASC remain unclear. This review hypothesis discusses the leading hypotheses regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in long COVID/PASC, focusing on neuro-PASC. We propose vascular dysfunction mediated by activation of astrocytes and pericytes followed by blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption as underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological manifestations. Additionally, we provide insights into the role of spike protein at the blood–brain interface. Finally, we explore the potential pathogenic mechanisms initiated by the interaction between the spike protein and cellular receptors at the brain endothelial and tissue levels.
Unidade Acadêmica:	Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FS) Departamento de Farmácia (FS FAR) Faculdade de Medicina (FM) Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (IB) Departamento de Biologia Celular (IB CEL) Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde (FCTS) – Campus UnB Ceilândia
Programa de pós-graduação:	Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas
Licença:	© 2024 Menezes, Palmeira, Oliveira, Argañaraz, Soares, Nóbrega, Ribeiro and Argañaraz. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2024.1481963
Aparece nas coleções:	Artigos publicados em periódicos e afins UnB - Covid-19

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