Title:	Air pollution and Covid-19 mortality in Brazil
Authors:	Silva, Reizane Maria Damasceno da Cicerelli, Rejane Ennes Almeida, Tati de Réquia Júnior, Weeberb João
metadata.dc.identifier.orcid:	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-2974 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7564-3364
metadata.dc.contributor.affiliation:	University of Brasilia, Geoscience Institute University of Brasilia, Geoscience Institute University of Brasilia, Geoscience Institute Fundação Getúlio Vargas, School of Public Policy and Government
Assunto::	Ar - poluição Covid-19 - Brasil Qualidade do ar
Issue Date:	20-Dec-2022
Publisher:	MDPI
Citation:	SILVA, Reizane Maria Damasceno da et. al. Air pollution and Covid-19 mortality in Brazil. Atmosphere, [s. l.], v. 14, n. 5, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010005. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/1/5. Acesso em: 02 out. 2023.
Abstract:	Long-term exposure to poor air quality has been associated with respiratory viral infections such as influenza and measles. Some epidemiological studies in North America, Europe, and Asia also suggest that exposure to air pollution is associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality associated with COVID-19. However, few studies have been conducted on this topic in South America. In this study, we investigate the association between ambient PM2.5, NO2, and O3 and their interaction with COVID-19-associated deaths in Brazil, the largest country in South America. We apply a negative binomial mixed model with zero inflation using municipality-level COVID-19 deaths as the endpoint and the long-term average of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 as the exposure. We added a random intercept by state to account for potential correlations between communities within the same state. After adjusting the model for several potential confounders, including meteorological variables, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic aspects, and healthcare conditions, we found a positive association between PM2.5 and COVID-19 deaths in Brazil, where a 1 µg/m3 increase in the long-term average of PM2.5 was associated with a 10.22% (95% CI: 9.35; 11.09) increase in COVID-19 deaths. In contrast, O3 and NO2 showed negative associations. As suggested by the literature in other countries, our results suggest that air pollution is an important cofactor that increases the risk of death from COVID-19 in Brazil. The effects of air pollution in Brazil are pronounced, indicating the need for improved air quality control policies.
metadata.dc.description.unidade:	Instituto de Geociências (IG)
Licença::	(CC-BY) - © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010005
Appears in Collections:	Artigos publicados em periódicos e afins UnB - Covid-19

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