Título:	Detection of cover collapse doline and other epikarst features by multiple geophysical techniques, case study of Tarimba Cave, Brazil
Autor(es):	Hussain, Yawar Uagoda, Rogério Elias Soares Borges, Welitom Rodrigues Prado, Renato Hamza, Omar Cárdenas-Soto, Martín Havenith, Hans-Balder Dou, Jie
ORCID:	https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4155-6764 https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-9448-1313 https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-5158-1947 https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-1543-2482 https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-5048-0423 https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6586-469X https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3799-1242 https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5930-199X
Assunto:	Resistividade elétrica Refração sísmica Estratigrafia (Geologia) Cavernas
Data de publicação:	12-Out-2020
Editora:	MDPI
Referência:	HUSSAIN, Yawar et al. Detection of cover collapse doline and other epikarst features by multiple geophysical techniques, case study of Tarimba Cave, Brazil. Water, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 10, 2835, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102835. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/10/2835. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2022.
Abstract:	Reliable characterization of the karst system is essential for risk assessment where many associated hazards (e.g., cover-collapse dolines and groundwater pollution) can affect natural and built environments, threatening public safety. The use of multiple geophysical approaches may offer an improved way to investigate such cover-collapse sinkholes and aid in geohazard risk assessments. In this paper, covered karst, which has two types of shallow caves (vadose and fluvial) located in Tarimba (Goias, Brazil), was investigated using various geophysical methods to evaluate their efficiency in the delineation of the geometry of sediments filled sinkhole. The methods used for the investigation were Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Seismic Refraction Survey (SRS), Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) and the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method. The study developed several (2D) sections of the measured physical properties, including P-wave velocity and electrical resistivity, as well as the induced current (because of local bodies). For the analysis and processing of the data obtained from these methods, the following approaches were adopted: ERT inversion using a least-square scheme, Karous-Hjelt filter for VLF-EM data and time-distance curves and Vp cross-sections for the SRS. The refraction data analysis showed three-layered stratigraphy topsoil, claystone and carbonate bedrock, respectively. The findings obtained from ERT (three-layered stratigraphy and sediment-filled doline), as well as VLF-EM (fractured or filled caves as a positive anomaly), were found to be consistent with the actual field conditions. However, the SRS and SRT methods did not show the collapsed material and reached the limited the depth because of shorter profile lengths. The study provides a reasonable basis for the development of an integrated geophysical approach for site characterization of karst systems, particularly the perched tank and collapse doline.
Licença:	© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102835
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